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Direct linkAditi Bhutoria; Nayyaf Aljabri; Saheli Bose – International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 2025
This paper examines whether parental engagement in early childhood and preschooling act as substitutes, or whether their joint effect enhances students' learning outcomes. We utilize the TIMSS 2019 dataset and employ a hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach to analyze data from 52 countries, ensuring a robust examination of cross-national…
Descriptors: Early Childhood Education, Parenting Skills, Child Rearing, Preschool Children
