This scope-review presents the milestones of how Hierarchical Rater Models (HRMs) become operable to used in automated essay scoring (AES) to improve instructional evaluation. Although essay evaluations--a useful instrument for evaluating higher-order cognitive abilities--have always depended on human raters, concerns regarding rater bias,…

Multiple-choice questions have become ubiquitous in educational measurement because the format allows for efficient and accurate scoring. Nonetheless, there remains continued interest in constructed-response formats. This interest has driven efforts to develop computer-based scoring procedures that can accurately and efficiently score these items.…

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) have been used to provide automated assistance to customers in different organizations from diverse sectors. In the context of higher educational institutions (HEIs) especially in universities, research indicates that KMS assist universities with quicker response time to key issues, share vital knowledge, improve…

Intelligent systems of essay grading constitute important tools for educational technologies. They can significantly replace the manual scoring efforts and provide instructional feedback as well. These systems typically include two main parts: a feature extractor and an automatic grading model. The latter is generally based on computational and…

Revision plays an important role in writing, and as revisions break down the linearity of the writing process, they are crucial in describing writing process dynamics. Keystroke logging and analysis have been used to identify revisions made during writing. Previous approaches include the manual annotation of revisions, building nonlinear…

An interactive textbook for a material and energy balances course measured over 1,300 reading interactions and hundreds of auto-graded problems per student each term. Specifically, seven cohorts and 601 students completed over 700,000 reading interactions and 150,000 auto-graded problems. Median reading participation was over 93%. Median correct…

Significant advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have led to the development of Google Gemini, which can be used to provide automated writing assistance. Within higher education, this feature extends to research writing. However, skepticism is particularly evident as students, teachers, and researchers in universities explore…

The plate and frame filtration experiment is one of the essential experiments performed by undergraduate students during their practical education. While this experiment often relies on the conventional manual recording of data and calculation, there are frequent problems with data collection because capturing transient data of filtrate volume and…

The student-generated question (SGQ) strategy is an effective instructional strategy for developing students' higher order cognitive and critical thinking. However, assessing the quality of SGQs is time consuming and domain experts intensive. Previous automatic evaluation work focused on surface-level features of questions. To overcome this…

As a first step toward automatic feedback based on students' strategies for solving histogram tasks we investigated how strategy recognition can be automated based on students' gazes. A previous study showed how students' task-specific strategies can be inferred from their gazes. The research question addressed in the present article is how data…

The implementation of computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) has been proven to be successful in improving learners' pronunciation abilities. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) software was used to provide mediated support to 103 pre-intermediate level students (62 males and 41 females). After experiencing a two-semester of CAPT…

It is well-known that digital learning materials influence the classroom curriculum and didactics. At the same time, few studies examine the role of the data visualizations offered by digital learning materials. Data visualizations signpost the emergence of students as data subjects who can be observed and compared on a computer screen. They thus…