With the widespread use of visuals in the media and the rapid development of visual technologies, media consumers today increasingly face visual information and visual decision-making. Developing visual literacy is thus crucial to empower people to effectively navigate the visual world. This paper uses two studies to describe the development and…

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) introduced creative thinking as an innovative domain in 2022. This paper examines the unique methodological issues in international assessments and the implications of measuring creative thinking within PISA's framework, including stratified sampling, rotated form designs, and a distinct…