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Direct linkUmut Atasever; Francis L. Huang; Leslie Rutkowski – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2025
When analyzing large-scale assessments (LSAs) that use complex sampling designs, it is important to account for probability sampling using weights. However, the use of these weights in multilevel models has been widely debated, particularly regarding their application at different levels of the model. Yet, no consensus has been reached on the best…
Descriptors: Mathematics Tests, International Assessment, Elementary Secondary Education, Foreign Countries
Lee LeBoeuf; Jacob Goldstein-Greenwood; Angeline S. Lillard – Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2024
Common methods of measuring discipline disproportionality can produce contradictory results and obscure base-rate information. In this paper, we show how using multilevel modeling to analyze discipline disparities resolves ambiguities inherent in traditional measures of disparities: relative rate ratios and risk differences. One previous study…
Descriptors: Discipline, Disproportionate Representation, Measurement Techniques, Hierarchical Linear Modeling
