Many workforce development training programmes use learning gains as a measure of programme effectiveness. However, research on K-12 education suggests that posttest scores may be influenced by pretesting effects. Pretesting may improve posttest performance by giving learners preknowledge of posttest content. Alternatively, pretesting may enhance…

Professional trainers are responsible for teaching novice employees. However, the conventional approach to training professional trainers is generally a lecture-based mode, implying that they often lack the opportunity to learn to make use of practical cases encountered by novice employees, to explore problem-solving methods, to objectively…