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Stephen Porter – Asia Pacific Education Review, 2024
Instrumental variables is a popular approach for causal inference in education when randomization of treatment is not feasible. Using a first-year college program as a running example, this article reviews the five assumptions that must be met to successfully use instrumental variables to estimate a causal effect with observational data: SUTVA,…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Educational Research, College Freshmen, Observation