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Makoto Mitsugi; Masahiro Yoshimura; Tomohito Hiromori; Ryo Kirimura – Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 2024
This study compares two leadership styles, emergent leader (EL) and assigned leader (AL), to explore effective leadership in second language (L2) group work. ELs were spontaneously chosen by the group, while ALs were pre-assigned by teachers before the task. The study involved 45 university students, who were divided into seven EL groups (n = 21)…
Descriptors: Cooperative Learning, Group Dynamics, Learning Motivation, Behavior Patterns
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Zari Saeedi; Hessameddin Ghanbar; Mahdi Rezaei – International Journal of Language Testing, 2024
Despite being a popular topic in language testing, cognitive load has not received enough attention in vocabulary test items. The purpose of the current study was to scrutinize the cognitive load and vocabulary test items' differences, examinees' reaction times, and perceived difficulty. To this end, 150 students were selected using…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Test Items, Difficulty Level, Vocabulary Development