Programming skills are increasingly important to the current digital economy, yet these skills have long been regarded as challenging to acquire. A central challenge in learning programming skills involves the simultaneous use of multiple component skills. This article investigates why students struggle with integrating component skills--a…

Background/purpose: Most Indonesian vocational university students majoring in a non-English program demonstrated low English mastery due to their lack of exposure to English in their previous studies. To tackle this problem, this study aims to guide vocational university students to spend more time on independent learning using the Cambridge…