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Developmental Stages in Chinese: The Case of Chinese Heritage Speakers

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Xian Zhang – Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 2024

The Topic Hypothesis posits that Chinese language learners progress through a developmental sequence comprising five stages (Gao, 2009; Wang, 2011), which includes the Object-Subject-Verb (OSV) structure at stage 4 and the ba-construct at stage 5. According to this hypothesis, learners typically master the OSV structure before acquiring the…

Descriptors: Chinese, Heritage Education, Linguistic Theory, Learning Processes

Ethnic Minority Language Policies and Practices in China: Revisiting Ruiz's Language Orientation Theory through a Critical Biliteracy Lens

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Jiazhou Yao; Marianne Turner; Gary Bonar – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2024

In order to distinguish between language-related ideologies, Ruiz (1984) proposed three language orientations, namely 'language-as-problem', 'language-as-right' and 'language-as-resource'. Although this typology has been applied to various countries and regions around the globe, relevant research in China, a multi-ethnolinguistic country, remains…

Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Ethnic Groups, Language Minorities, Literacy