Suppose "X" and "Y" are binary exposure and outcome variables, and we have full knowledge of the distribution of "Y," given application of "X." We are interested in assessing whether an outcome in some case is due to the exposure. This "probability of causation" is of interest in comparative…

Causal mediation analysis has gained increasing attention in recent years. This article guides empirical researchers through the concepts and challenges of causal mediation analysis. I first clarify the difference between traditional and causal mediation analysis and highlight the importance of adjusting for the treatment-by-mediator interaction…

In the article, we focused on the issues of measurement error and omitted confounders while conducting mediation analysis under experimental studies. Depending on informativeness of the confounders between the mediator (M) and outcome (Y), we described two approaches. When researchers are confident that primary confounders are included (e.g.,…

Currently, dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) and residual DSEM (RDSEM) are commonly used in testing intensive longitudinal data (ILD). Researchers are interested in ILD mediation models, but their analyses are challenging. The present paper mathematically derived, empirically compared, and step-by-step demonstrated three types (i.e.,…

In parallel process latent growth curve mediation models, the mediation pathways from treatment to the intercept or slope of outcome through the intercept or slope of mediator are often of interest. In this study, we developed causal mediation analysis methods for these mediation pathways. Particularly, we provided causal definitions and…

The aim of this research was to investigate the associations between attachment styles, mental well-being and psychological vulnerability. The sample comprised a total of 257 university students including 205 women (79.8%) and 52 men (20.2%). The ages of university students varied from 18 to 34 years [M[subscript age] = 21.37, SD = 2.13]. The…