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Direct linkStephen M. Leach; Jason C. Immekus; Jeffrey C. Valentine; Prathiba Batley; Dena Dossett; Tamara Lewis; Thomas Reece – Assessment for Effective Intervention, 2025
Educators commonly use school climate survey scores to inform and evaluate interventions for equitably improving learning and reducing educational disparities. Unfortunately, validity evidence to support these (and other) score uses often falls short. In response, Whitehouse et al. proposed a collaborative, two-part validity testing framework for…
Descriptors: School Surveys, Measurement, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Educational Environment
Lee LeBoeuf; Jacob Goldstein-Greenwood; Angeline S. Lillard – Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2024
Common methods of measuring discipline disproportionality can produce contradictory results and obscure base-rate information. In this paper, we show how using multilevel modeling to analyze discipline disparities resolves ambiguities inherent in traditional measures of disparities: relative rate ratios and risk differences. One previous study…
Descriptors: Discipline, Disproportionate Representation, Measurement Techniques, Hierarchical Linear Modeling
