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Peer reviewedKenneth A. Frank; Qinyun Lin; Spiro J. Maroulis – Grantee Submission, 2024
In the complex world of educational policy, causal inferences will be debated. As we review non-experimental designs in educational policy, we focus on how to clarify and focus the terms of debate. We begin by presenting the potential outcomes/counterfactual framework and then describe approximations to the counterfactual generated from the…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Statistical Inference, Observation, Educational Policy
Download full textRafael Lara-Alecio; Beverly J. Irby; Fuhui Tong; Kara L. Sutton-Jones; Cindy L. Guerrero; Shifang Tang; Huiwen Pang – International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2024
In this randomized control study, we evaluated science teachers' pedagogical practices via classroom observations following ongoing, intensive, and structured instructional support sessions. These sessions included virtual professional development (VPD) and virtual mentoring and coaching (VMC) that accompanied a literacy-infused science…
Descriptors: Science Education, Science Instruction, Teaching Methods, Science Teachers
