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Anna Shapiro; Sabrina Lee; Ashley Woo – RAND Corporation, 2024
Drawing on the spring 2023 American Instructional Resources Survey, the authors examine teachers' use of foundational reading activities in their instruction. These activities correspond to the four foundational reading skill domains for kindergarten-through-grade-5 students that are set forth in the Common Score of State Standards: print…
Descriptors: Reading Instruction, Reading Skills, Elementary Secondary Education, National Competency Tests
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Adrienne D. Woods; Paul L. Morgan; Yangyang Wang; George Farkas; Marianne M. Hillemeier – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2025
The extent to which reading achievement is causally impacted by eligibility for special education services due to a learning disability (LD) or speech or language impairment (SLI) is currently unclear. In this registered report, we analyzed U.S. national data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study--Kindergarten Cohort of 2010-2011 (ECLS-K:…
Descriptors: Reading Achievement, Students with Disabilities, Learning Disabilities, Speech Impairments
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Jiaxin Jessie Wang – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2024
Background/Context: As of Fall 2021, approximately 7.3 million students between the ages 6 to 21 were served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which accounts for approximately 15%of students in that age range (U.S. Department of Education, 2022). Students with disabilities receiving special education services are guaranteed a…
Descriptors: Students with Disabilities, Teacher Role, Regular and Special Education Relationship, Inclusion