GSCA Pro is free, user-friendly software for generalized structured component analysis structural equation modeling (GSCA-SEM), which implements three statistical methods for estimating models with factors only, models with components only, and models with both factors and components. This tutorial aims to provide step-by-step illustrations of how…

In this article, we pursue two points of discussion. First, a new illustration is presented of the person-oriented tenet according to which it can be hazardous to generalize to the individual results that are based on the analysis of aggregated data. Second, it is illustrated that taking into account serial dependence information can result in not…

This article is concerned with the assumption of linear temporal development that is often advanced in structural equation modeling-based longitudinal research. The linearity hypothesis is implemented in particular in the popular intercept-and-slope model as well as in more general models containing it as a component, such as longitudinal…

Researchers may have at their disposal the raw data of the studies they wish to meta-analyze. The goal of this study is to identify, illustrate, and compare a range of possible analysis options for researchers to whom raw data are available, wanting to fit a structural equation model (SEM) to these data. This study illustrates techniques that…

Background: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a powerful and broadly utilized statistical framework. Researchers employ these models to dissect relationships into direct, indirect, and total effects (Bollen, 1989). These models unpack the "black box" issues within cause-and-effect studies by examining the underlying theoretical…

In the past decade, moderated mediation analysis has been extensively and increasingly employed in social and behavioral sciences. With its widespread use, it is particularly important to ensure the moderated mediation analysis will not bring spurious results. Spurious effects have been studied in both mediation and moderation analysis, but this…

Transfer beliefs are understudied in the training transfer field, whereas structural equation modelling (SEM) has been a widely used technique to study transfer models. New methodologies are needed to study training transfer and network analysis (NA) has emerged as a new approach that provides a visual representation of a given network. We…

This study aims to address a gap in the social and behavioral sciences literature concerning interaction effects between latent factors in multiple-group analysis. By comparing two approaches for estimating latent interactions within multiple-group analysis frameworks using simulation studies and empirical data, we assess their relative merits.…

Whether selection processes contribute to group-level disparities or merely reflect pre-existing inequalities is an important societal question. In the context of observational data, researchers, concerned about omitted-variable bias, assess selection-contributing inequality via a kitchen-sink approach, comparing selection outcomes of…

Understanding latent variables is essential in EFL research. This article examines key latent variables, such as linguistic competence, cognitive ability and socio-cultural factors. These variables play a crucial role in shaping EFL learning experiences and outcomes. Researchers can use methods such as exploratory factor analysis (EFA),…