Vocabulary knowledge plays an important role in language learning and language proficiency, but it is difficult to know how much of a role it plays without appropriate vocabulary measures. In this article, we first discuss learner vocabulary in our research on Korean as a second/foreign language. Unable to find appropriate measures for receptive…

The TOEFL Junior® tests are designed to evaluate young language students' English reading, listening, speaking, and writing skills in an English-medium secondary instructional context. This paper articulates a validity argument constructed to support the use and interpretation of the TOEFL Junior test scores for the purpose of placement, progress…

In order to address the needs of the continually growing number of Chinese language learners, the present study developed and presented initial validation of a 100-item Chinese vocabulary proficiency test (CVPT) for learners of Chinese as a second/foreign language (CS/FL) using Item Response Theory among 170 CS/FL learners from Indonesia and 354…

The use of technological devices, especially mobile devices, in language learning has increased the number of studies in this field. In this regard, it is essential to identify students' attitudes towards mobile-assisted language learning (MALL). Therefore, the present study aimed to translate, adapt, and validate Gönülal's (2019) attitudes…

Rating scales that language testers design should be tailored to the specific test purpose and score use as well as reflect the target construct. Researchers have long argued for the value of data-driven scales for classroom performance assessment, because they are specific to pedagogical tasks and objectives, have rich descriptors to offer useful…

The study aims to develop and validate an affordable and generalizable survey design tool to measure pre-service EFL teachers' self-efficacy beliefs about cultural and linguistic diversity. It is significant as there are relatively low number of studies aiming to measure such beliefs in today's changing demographic conditions which are beyond its…

This study introduces the "ChatGPT Usage Scale for Foreign Language Learners," designed to evaluate the usage of AI chatbots in language learning. The scale was developed based on a comprehensive literature review and expert evaluations, ensuring a strong theoretical foundation and content validity. It comprises three sub-dimensions…

This article comprises two international studies. Study 1 aimed to develop a scale to measure the frequency of learners' voluntary, informal, out-of-school engagement with English, so-called Extramural English (EE) activities. It involved three stages -- pilot study, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis -- followed by…

This guide offers a comprehensive handbook to scientific research methodology and experimental design, specifically for novice MA and PhD researchers in Education and Language Learning (TESOL/TEFL). It establishes scientific research as a systematic, objective inquiry focused on identifying cause-and-effect relationships through empirical data.…

In this paper, we investigated the impact of an online classroom-based reading assessment on implementing practices in reading instruction among 30 EFL learners in an intermediate reading course at a public university in East Java, Indonesia. Our study aimed to develop an online classroom-based reading assessment and evaluate its efficacy in…

This study applied expectancy-value theory (EVT) to examine the impact of diagnostic language assessment (DLA) on the learning activities of a group of Chinese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). A model of test impact on learning was conceptualized by integrating EVT and DLA theories. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed…

Becoming one of six official United Nations languages, English proficiency has become a prominent requirement for students and professionals entering international education and/ or careers, as assessed through standardized English proficiency tests. English learners conducted varied procedures to pursue the minimum test score criteria, including…

"Tests of Aptitude for Language Learning" (TALL) is an openly accessible internet-based battery to measure the multifaceted construct of foreign language aptitude, using language domain-specific instruments and L1-sensitive instructions and stimuli. This brief report introduces the components of this theory-informed battery and…

This study examines the efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI) in creating parallel test items compared to human-made ones. Two test forms were developed: one consisting of 20 existing human-made items and another with 20 new items generated with ChatGPT assistance. Expert reviews confirmed the content parallelism of the two test forms.…

Motivation is crucial in the pace and success of language learning, and the effect of motivation on language learning has been extensively studied. Many scales have been developed to measure the motivation levels of the students. However, there are a limited number of studies conducted to specifically measure the motivation towards English…