Parallel analysis has been considered one of the most accurate methods for determining the number of factors in factor analysis. One major advantage of parallel analysis over traditional factor retention methods (e.g., Kaiser's rule) is that it addresses the sampling variability of eigenvalues obtained from the identity matrix, representing the…

In recent years, the growing incidence of blended and online learning has highlighted instructional design concerns, especially STEM instructional design. Existing studies have often adopted observations, questionnaires, or interviews to evaluate STEM instructional design plans. However, there is still a lack of quantitative, measurable, and…

To meet accreditation expectations, teacher preparation programs must demonstrate their candidates are evaluated using summative assessment tools that yield sound, reliable, and valid data. These tools are primarily used by the clinical experience team -- university supervisors and mentor teachers. Institutional beliefs regarding best practices…

Factor analysis is widely utilized to identify latent factors underlying the observed variables. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of two widely used methods for determining the optimal number of factors in factor analysis, the K1 rule, and parallel analysis, along with a more recently developed method, the bass-ackward method.…

Factor Score Regression (FSR) is increasingly employed as an alternative to structural equation modeling (SEM) in small samples. Despite its popularity in psychology, the performance of FSR in multigroup models with small samples remains relatively unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the performance of FSR, namely Croon's correction and…

In recent years, the system of student learning and academic emotions has been taken seriously to re-engineer the teaching-learning process at all levels of education. This research paper considers both aspects of assessing the translation of knowledge i.e. qualitative and quantitative. In the current scenario, quantitative and qualitative…