The purposes of the current study were to examine the effectiveness of the multimedia computer-based lessons on programming with Scratch in Technology integrated with the TGT cooperative learning technique based on the 80/80 efficiency criterion, to compare the learning achievement of Grade 7 students between those taught using multimedia…

Background: Computational thinking (CT) refers to the ability to represent problems, design solutions and migrate solutions computationally. While previous studies have shown that self-explanation can enhance students' learning, few empirical studies have examined the effects of using different self-explanation prompts to cultivate students' CT…

Research on geometric transformations suggests that early learners possess intuitive understandings grounded in motion metaphors, transitioning to mappings. The processes through which students transition between these two conceptions are not fully understood. We propose that Vygotskian hybridizing (related to Vygotsky's articulation of everyday…

Collaborative learning is a widely used teaching model in programming education. A deeper understanding of the roles and behavior patterns within collaborative learning could improve its performance. In this study, an emergent role configuration and behavioral pattern are analyzed using audio and video data from 10 groups in a 7th-grade…

Tangible programming tools have become a mainstream teaching aid in gamification programming learning (GPL) due to their interactivity and ability to enhance novice learners' computational thinking and spatial reasoning skills. However, comparing the relative efficacy of different programming tools that simultaneously support these skills was not…

Background: Implementing maker education in schools is on the rise, fuelled by its potential to move formal education towards a creative, technology-driven 21st century learning culture. In maker education, collaborative learning takes place through and around various digital and traditional technologies, which provide the means for students'…