Academic cyberloafing, defined as the involvement in non-academic online activities during academic tasks, has emerged as a prevalent concern within higher education. While previous research has identified course-related factors that may influence academic cyberloafing, the specific relation between perceived course difficulty and academic…

Designing balanced and optimized degree plans is a fundamental challenge in higher education, directly impacting student success, graduation rates, and institutional efficiency. This paper presents an innovative framework that addresses this challenge through a two-stage optimization approach. The first stage focuses on selecting a set of courses…