In this Methods Showcase Article, we illustrate mixed-effects modeling with a multinomial dependent variable as a means of explaining complexities in language. We model data on future-time reference in second language Spanish, which consists of a nominal dependent variable that has three levels, measured over 73 participants. We offer step-by-step…

Considering the universality of writing struggles faced by both the students and teachers, it is an unexpected observation to find that there are most likely only a dozen or so systematic reviews on the topic. Among these reviews, none so far have focused on identifying and discussing English writing instructional models. This paper systematically…

Recent developments in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) technologies have had significant implications for English language education worldwide, opening up new opportunities and challenges. Both researchers and practitioners are increasingly exploring the necessary capabilities that English language learners should possess in relation to…

The present study investigates the impact of bidialectalism on L2 production, focusing on the role of dialect modes. Shanghai-Mandarin Chinese bidialectal speakers were recruited to produce second language (L2) English vowels under the influence of either Shanghai or Mandarin Chinese mode. Results showed that in the Shanghai mode, participants'…

Language output has its role in second language learning and is seen as a source of L2 learning. It is used by the L2 learners as a cognitive tool to mediate their thinking and talking, hence, mediates L2 learning and development. English acts as the second language for most of the population in Malaysia and a compulsory subject learned in school.…

The Global Engineers Languages and Skills (GELS) framework, developed as a language-neutral framework of engineering-specific communication skills, was adapted in 2023 for Japanese to address the language's unique linguistic and cultural features. Adjustments included subdividing beginner levels, adding a guideline for learning the complex writing…

This conceptual paper presents a multidimensional framework for applying affordance theory to language education, moving beyond traditional, linear models. Drawing on ecological and rhizomatic perspectives, the framework views affordances as context-sensitive opportunities for action, shaped and enacted by learners, and analyzed across five key…

Significant advancements in voice chatbots have spurred interest into their role in second language learning (Conium, 2008), particularly their ability to assist in the development of learners' conversation skills in a target language. Many efforts have been made to explore AI's potential to act as conversation partners for language learners. Of…

This theoretical article, with recommendations for practice, interrogates how the field discusses dual language bilingual education (DLBE) models in the United States, with international implications for bilingual, immersion, and content and language integrated learning contexts. We reconceptualize the equity problems and potentials of so-called…

A significant body of research has focused on the impact of immersive virtual reality (IVR) on vocabulary retention, but little is known about how to integrate language learning theories in IVR-mediated vocabulary learning. This study aims to examine the effect of IVR that integrate input processing model on vocabulary retention for elementary…

The 21st century requires English language teaching teachers to cultivate the use of language and competencies to make their students 21st-century learners. Podcasts produced by students allow them to use language in an authentic setting while practicing the skills of critical thinking, innovation, creativity, problem-solving, reflection, and…

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has impacted diverse sectors, including language education, highlighting the critical importance of user acceptance and key factors that facilitate AI adoption. This study employs a quantitative approach to investigate the factors influencing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students' willingness…

Since 2020, the effects of the pandemic and advancements in instructional technologies have played a significant and transformative role in the educational system. The integration of student-centered activities has been emphasized by new technology, which continuously enhances educational processes. Additionally, the use of instructional design…

As artificial intelligence (AI), and especially generative AI, are increasingly impacting daily life, it is becoming essential for learners to acquire AI literacy -- the capability to interact with AI at the interface of technology and the target language. Without AI literacy, they may struggle to navigate AI-driven systems and access benefits of…

This article discusses the benefits of providing training sessions for teaching practice through a workshop model. The author provides an overview of the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework and explains how each branch relates to the planning and delivery of a teacher-training workshop. The article concludes with a sample workshop plan based on…