Most researchers receive formal training in frequentist statistics during their undergraduate studies. In particular, hypothesis testing is usually rooted on the null hypothesis significance testing paradigm and its p-value. Null hypothesis Bayesian testing and its so-called Bayes factor are now becoming increasingly popular. Although the Bayes…

This is a practical guide for applying the Impact Threshold for a Confounding Variable and the Robustness of Inference to Replacement using the konfound packages in Stata and R as well as the R-shiny app. It includes motivation worked examples, and tutorials.

In many educational intervention programs, it is not possible to randomly assign students to an experimental and control condition. For example, in our research we wanted to compare students who were enrolled in a biomedical pathway program to students who were not in such a program. However, students select their academic pathway program and a…