Although innovation is widely recognised as a cornerstone of contemporary engineering, empirical studies consistently show that undergraduate electrical-engineering students lag behind industry expectations in rapidly translating interdisciplinary concepts into functional prototypes. These findings underscore the need to comprehensively reform…

This study aims to develop an integrated Project-Based Learning (PBL) model based on Values, Attitudes, Skills, and Knowledge (VASK), specifically designed for small-sized schools and mixed-grade classrooms. Employing a phenomenological study approach with a mixed-methods data structure, the research explores two key questions: What are effective…