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Richard L. Sparks; Abdullah Alamer – Language Teaching Research, 2025
Although researchers have found strong relationships between first language (L1) skills and second language (L2) anxiety, less is known about how L1 skills in primary school impact L2 anxiety years after L1 has been acquired. Previous research lacked evidence for the mediating role of L2 aptitude and L2 achievement in the relationship. This study…
Descriptors: Language Skills, Second Language Learning, Anxiety, Elementary School Students
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Sok, Sarah; Shin, Hye Won – International Journal of Listening, 2022
The influence of individual difference variables on second language (L2) listening comprehension has been an area of research that has been gaining renewed attention in recent years. The current study investigated the effects of two cognitive variables, aptitude and metacognitive awareness, on 107 native-Korean, English as a foreign language…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Second Language Learning, Listening Comprehension, English (Second Language)
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Sparks, Richard L.; Patton, Jon; Ganschow, Leonore; Humbach, Nancy – Applied Psycholinguistics, 2009
Fifty-four students were followed over 10 years beginning in first grade to determine best predictors of oral and written second language (L2) proficiency. Predictor variables included measures of first language (L1) skill administered in first through fifth grades, L1 academic aptitude, L2 aptitude (Modern Language Aptitude Test), and L2 affect…
Descriptors: Second Languages, Predictor Variables, Aptitude Tests, Decoding (Reading)