The rapid advancement of educational technologies in recent decades has underscored the increasing importance of digital literacy (DL) as a core competency for all students, as recognised in various educational policies and programs. Evaluating students' DL is crucial for providing valuable insights to guide future educational initiatives. This…

A prior study developed the Computational Thinking Scale (CTS) for assessing individuals' computational thinking dispositions in five dimensions: decomposition, abstraction, algorithmic thinking, evaluation, and generalization. This study proposed the Developmental Model of Computational Thinking through validating the structural relationships…

One of the major purposes of this study is to investigate the potential impact of gender and information and computer technology (ICT) resources on students' computational thinking (CT) competencies. To this end, the Computational Thinking Test for Junior High Students (CTT-JH) was developed and validated. Research participants included 437 junior…

This study developed and validated an instrument for assessing teachers' perceptions of culturally responsive teaching (CRT) in technology-supported learning environments (TSLE). Data were collected from a total of 257 elementary and secondary school teachers in Taiwan during March and April 2018 to verify the reliability and construct validity of…

This study serves to develop a multidimensional scale for assessing the digital fluency of preadolescents. The researchers applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the constancy of the classified factors and to elucidate relationships among factors in the Digital Fluency Scale. A total of 224…

Situational Judgment Tests for Teachers (SJTTs) were developed as an alternative to the existing evaluation programs for selecting student teachers. A Situational Judgment Test for Middle-school Teachers (SJTMT), a Situational Judgment Test for Primary-school Teachers (SJTPT), and a Situational Judgment Test for Early-childhood Teachers (SJTET)…

To assess the strength of conceptual understanding of number sense, a three-tier number sense test (TTNST) for fifth-grade students was developed and validated in this study. The three-tier test includes a content tier that assesses content knowledge of number sense, a reason tier that assesses a reason given for selecting a first-tier response,…

This study developed and validated an instrument for assessing teachers' perceptions of culturally responsive teaching (CRT) in technology-supported learning environments. The construct validity of this instrument was examined via confirmatory factor analysis and the multiple dimensional partial credit model (MPCM) for item responses. Results…

This study aimed to develop a new scale to examine primary and secondary school students' perceptions of the severity of cyberbullying behaviours, and to explore further whether differences exist in the means of gender, grade and participant role. A total of 707 primary and secondary school students (M = 14.7) in Taiwan participated in this study.…

The purpose of this study is to develop a multi-dimensional scale to measure students' awareness of key competencies for M-learning and to test its reliability and validity. The Key Competencies of Mobile Learning Scale (KCMLS) was determined via confirmatory factor analysis to have four dimensions: team collaboration, creative thinking, critical…

This study examined technical characteristics of slopes produced from two general outcome measures (GOMs)--the Naming Spelling and the Dictating Spelling tests. A total of 305 first-graders in Taiwan participated in the study and underwent weekly assessments for 6 weeks. Six alternate forms were developed for each of the two measures to monitor…

Gratitude was an important missing factor in the extant relationship quality and relationship loyalty model. We introduced gratitude into the model of relationship quality and relationship loyalty. Two hundred and eighteen teachers from elementary schools in Taiwan were used to conduct an empirical research. The results show that teachers'…

This study aimed to investigate the factors accounting for science teaching self-efficacy and to examine the relationships among Taiwanese teachers' science teaching self-efficacy, teaching and learning conceptions, technological--pedagogical content knowledge for the Internet (TPACK-I), and attitudes toward Internet-based instruction (Attitudes)…

This study developed an empirically based questionnaire to monitor young learners' conceptions of nature of science (NOS). The questionnaire, entitled Students' Ideas about Nature of Science (SINOS), measured views on theory-ladenness, use of creativity and imagination, tentativeness of scientific knowledge, durability of scientific knowledge,…

In the social sciences, latent traits often have a hierarchical structure, and data can be sampled from multiple levels. Both hierarchical latent traits and multilevel data can occur simultaneously. In this study, we developed a general class of item response theory models to accommodate both hierarchical latent traits and multilevel data. The…