Background: Like adults, children need to allocate study time and endeavour optimally in order to enhance learning effectiveness. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the development of shifting from habitual to agenda-based processes on study decisions. Sample: The participants were 309 children in the second, fourth, and sixth grades.…

Two experiments (N=136) studied how 4- to 6-month-olds perceive a simple schematic event, seen as goal-directed action and reaction from 3 years of age. In our causal reaction event, a red square moved toward a blue square, stopping prior to contact. Blue began to move away before red stopped, so that both briefly moved simultaneously at a…