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Shi, Dingjing; Tong, Xin – Sociological Methods & Research, 2022
This study proposes a two-stage causal modeling with instrumental variables to mitigate selection bias, provide correct standard error estimates, and address nonnormal and missing data issues simultaneously. Bayesian methods are used for model estimation. Robust methods with Student's "t" distributions are used to account for nonnormal…
Descriptors: Bayesian Statistics, Monte Carlo Methods, Computer Software, Causal Models
Karabatsos, G.; Walker, S.G. – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2010
Causal inference is central to educational research, where in data analysis the aim is to learn the causal effects of educational treatments on academic achievement, to evaluate educational policies and practice. Compared to a correlational analysis, a causal analysis enables policymakers to make more meaningful statements about the efficacy of…
Descriptors: Bayesian Statistics, Causal Models, Educational Research, Writing Instruction