The present study aimed to identify gender and age differences in motivation toward physical education (PE) and to explore the relationship between bullying roles, in PE and in the educational context in general, and motivation toward PE. A total of 1352 schoolchildren (49.7% girls) from 5th year of Compulsory Primary Education to 1st year of…

Theories of student engagement for dropout and school completion are proposed to begin as early as age five. Student engagement in elementary-age students has been linked to school completion, post-secondary education, and achievement. However, there is little research examining patterns and profiles of student engagement in this population. In an…

Background: Collaborative programming is important and challenging for K12 students. Scaffolding is a vital method to support students' collaborative programming learning. However, conventional scaffolding that does not fade may lead students to become overly dependent, resulting in unsatisfactory programming performance. Objectives: This study…

Self- and group orientations represent distinct ways of perceiving the relations between the world and the self and are relevant to adolescents' development. Most of the existing studies in this area are cross-sectional, providing little information about how self- and group orientations develop. This 3-year longitudinal study examined the…

We explored the potential of using a peer relations approach for researching children's citizenship in elementary classrooms. Children express or enact citizenship through their behavior toward classmates and the relationships they engage in (i.e., lived citizenship). These behaviors and relationships can be more or less in line with goals for…

This dissertation includes three individual articles that explore the relationship between witnessing bullying and defending behavior among students who are bystanders of bullying. Chapter One provides the rationale and purpose of this dissertation and an overview of the three articles that comprise it. Chapter Two employed a cross-sectional…

School bullying is prevalent among senior-grade pupils, with negative impacts on pupils' physical health and psychosocial adjustment. However, few studies have explored the relationship between the senior-grade pupils experiencing teacher unfairness and their suffering from school bullying. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal…

Background: Socially withdrawn children tend to perform poorer academically than their peers. What remains unknown, is the temporal ordering of the two phenomena. Also, substantial gender differences exist in both social withdrawal and academic achievement; thus, it is conceivable that the strength of the relation between them is gendered as well.…

This research aims to examine the fair play behaviors of secondary school students who participate in school sports. The sample of the research consists of 495 secondary school students who continue their education in Nigde in the 2022-2023 academic year and are selected by criterion sampling from purposive sampling methods. "Frequency of…

Research Findings: Previous studies have found that a growth mind-set was associated with optimal learning and well-being outcomes. However, much of this research has been conducted among adolescents and young adults. Relatively little is known as to whether these associations also apply to young children. The present study aimed to examine…

Due to pandemic, the learning of the pupils shifts from face to face to alternative learning modules. It is determined that study habits are vital to the pupils' academic achievement. This quantitative study sought to determine the factors affecting the study habits of the Grade 6 pupils in Kalangahan Elementary School. Males are the most…

The study investigated the development of sources of self-efficacy in self-regulation in 9-12 year old (N = 317, primary school) students during one school year. We used latent growth curve modeling to determine (1) how the different sources of self-efficacy for self-regulation (i.e., mastery experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion,…

This study investigates the role of teachers' feedback on achievement and behaviour in influencing students' peer acceptance, academic trait emotions as well as school well-being. Data derives from 970 fourth graders from inclusive primary schools (51% male, 49% female; 8% with special educational needs). Results showed that students perceive an…

With a sample of N = 46 in-service and pre-service teachers, we examined whether the labeling of primary-school students as having ADHD would affect teachers' recommendations for a school track in secondary school. Student vignettes were used to mimic real students. Student gender, their GPA--suggested by their last school report in primary…

Starting from observed gender differences in educational effort and because research considers motivation to be a personal student feature, this study had two aims. First, it examined whether autonomous and controlled motivation are shared by students within a school and whether such a motivation culture is associated with the school's student…