The Albanian language until it became a written and a spoken language to all of the Albanians, passed through a long and a difficult path. If you go back in time, you see how many efforts were made to preserve Albanian language and identity. Albanian intellectuals and patriots got their visionary aim of its preservation at all costs. Albanian…

Schools in Iraq use Arabic, and English, as the language of instruction. This study aims to examine the impact of language of instruction on students' attitudes towards technology, teaching practices, and learning outcomes in secondary and upper primary schools in Iraq. This research study employed a quantitative approach to explore the…

Language separation policies in two-way bilingual education (TWBE) reflect ideologies of double monolingualism (Heller, 1995) and ignore the sociolinguistic realities of bi/multilingual students (García & Lin, 2017). This case study investigates the design and implementation of collaborative multilingual identity text projects (Prasad, 2018)…

We explore the impact of the language of instruction on academic performance of Arabic-speaking students who are expected to learn mathematics and science in and through a second language (L2). Using as a theoretical background Cummins's (1984) framework relating language proficiency to academic achievement, we provide some insights into the…

In Saudi Arabia, there are several school types where children go and learn both English and Arabic: (i) Public (government) and Quranic schools; (ii) private schools where Arabic is the medium of instruction with an intensive English course; (iii) international schools where English is the medium of instruction, and one course is allocated to…

In Saudi Arabia, English is taught starting from kindergarten at National Public and Private Schools. At International schools, English is the medium of instruction. This study aims to explore how parents promote children's language development, their evaluation of their children's proficiency level, which language the children use in…

Multilingual learners (MLs) are students whose primary language is not English and are eligible for English language development services through the Transitional Bilingual Instruction Program (TBIP). Eligible MLs receive TBIP services until they become proficient in English. During the 2022-23 school year, 149,357 students were identified as…