Since probability is a new topic at the primary school level in many countries, many primary school teachers may consider themselves not well prepared or may not value the formative role of probability as a topic for their students to learn. Consequently, the assessment of teachers' attitudes using valid and reliable instruments is a preliminary…

This study considered the efficacy of a differentiated approach to vocabulary instruction for learners with word-finding difficulties (WFD) in the speech and language pathologist's room. Using a pretest-posttest design to study treatment outcomes, 10 second graders with WFD received first semantic-based vocabulary instruction (S) and then…

Early efforts to apply knowledge of dialect differences to reading stressed the importance of the distinction between differences in pronunciation and mistakes in reading. This study develops a method of estimating the probability that a given oral reading that deviates from the text is a true reading error by observing the semantic impact of the…