Scientific and technological innovation continues to play an essential role in catalyzing the creation of new industries, spawning job growth, and improving the quality of life in the United States and throughout the world. Innovation relies, in part, on individuals possessing the knowledge, skills, creativity, and foresight to forge new paths. The National Science Board (Board) is pleased to present its recommendations on how to support the identification and development of talented young men and women who have the potential to become this country's next generation of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) innovators. This report contains a series of policy actions, a research agenda, and three key recommendations detailing how this nation might foster the identification and development of future STEM innovators. This report draws on the findings from an expert panel discussion held at the National Science Foundation (NSF) on August 23-25, 2009, and a 2-year examination of the issue by the Board with the support of expert staff from the NSF Directorate for Education and Human Resources and the U.S. Department of Education. Appendices include: (1) Charge to the NSB Committee on Education and Human Resources, Expert Panel Discussion on Preparing the Next Generation of STEM Innovators; (2) STEM Innovators Expert Panel Participants; and (3) STEM Innovators Expert Panel Agenda. (Contains 91 endnotes.)