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Shanahan, Timothy; Fisher, Douglas; Frey, Nancy – Educational Leadership, 2012
The Common Core State Standards emphasize the value of teaching students to engage with complex text. But what exactly makes a text complex, and how can teachers help students develop their ability to learn from such texts? The authors of this article discuss five factors that determine text complexity: vocabulary, sentence structure, coherence,…
Descriptors: Sentence Structure, Reading Strategies, Reading Comprehension, Difficulty Level
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Smith, Malbert III; Schiano, Anne; Lattanzio, Elizabeth – Knowledge Quest, 2014
We are at a transformative moment in education with the almost universal adoption (forty-five states, the District of Columbia, and four territories) of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). As we move from adoption to implementation of these standards across the country, the climate for educational reform has led to expectations of change that…
Descriptors: State Standards, Program Implementation, Models, Reading Programs
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Hiebert, Elfrieda H.; Mesmer, Heidi Anne E. – Educational Researcher, 2013
The Common Core Standards for the English Language Arts (CCSS) provide explicit guidelines matching grade-level bands (e.g., 2-3, 4-5) with targeted text complexity levels. The CCSS staircase accelerates text expectations for students across Grades 2-12 in order to close a gap in the complexity of texts typically used in high school and those of…
Descriptors: Core Curriculum, State Standards, Alignment (Education), Grade 2
Claridge, Gillian – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2012
Publishing graded readers is big business, but there is evidence that the texts themselves are not being read in sufficient quantity to improve language proficiency. This article reports on a study of graded readers, focusing on interviews with some major publishers of graded readers, to investigate their production rationales. The findings…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Basal Reading, Publishing Industry
Aspen Institute, 2012
What is meant by text complexity is a measurement of how challenging a particular text is to read. There are a myriad of different ways of explaining what makes text challenging to read, from the sophistication of the vocabulary employed to the length of its sentences to even measurements of how the text as a whole coheres. Research shows that no…
Descriptors: State Standards, Predictor Variables, Reading Ability, College Readiness