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Bosma, Tirza; Resing, Wilma C. M. – European Journal of Special Needs Education, 2012
The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of dynamic testing in the measuring of children's need for instruction and to explore responses of special education teachers to dynamic testing results. Thirty-six 10-12-year-old children with a moderate to mild intellectual disability and their teachers participated. Children in the…
Descriptors: Control Groups, Educational Needs, Mental Retardation, Testing
Stiggins, Rick; Chappuis, Stephen – Principal Leadership, 2005
Ever since Scriven (1967) and Bloom, Hastings, and Madaus (1971) articulated the distinction between summative and formative evaluation, "summative assessment" has referred to tests administered after learning is supposed to have occurred to determine whether it did. "Formative assessment", on the other hand, has been used to describe assessments…
Descriptors: Educational Change, Testing, Accountability, Student Evaluation