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Haibo Zhang; Rui Chen; Jing Lu; Jiali Wang; Yuanyuan Li; Sha Tao – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2025
This study investigated the unique role of nonverbal reasoning in early English word decoding for native Chinese-speaking children across three studies. In Study 1, 80 Grade 1 and 2 participants completed assessments including nonverbal reasoning tests, English pseudoword reading, Chinese character reading, Chinese phonological awareness (CPA),…
Descriptors: Nonverbal Ability, Abstract Reasoning, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning
Chung, Sheila Cira; Koh, PohWee; Chen, Xi; Deacon, S. Hélène – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2023
Orthographic knowledge is predicted to be central in the process of children's reading development. We examined both the temporal order between orthographic knowledge and each of word reading and word spelling--effectively, which predicts which by including autoregressive controls--and cross-linguistic transfer between English and French for our…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 1, Grade 2, Bilingual Students
Priyanka Patel; Nandini Chatterjee Singh; Minna Torppa – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2024
This study examined within and cross-language relations, and specifically, the role of phonological awareness (PA) skills in reading among young Hindi-speaking children (L1) who were learning to read English (L2) in Delhi, India. Data was collected from 143 children in Grades 1 and 2 using measures validated for this population. The analyses…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Phonological Awareness, Indo European Languages, Grade 1
Baoqi Sun; Beth Ann O'Brien – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2025
This study examines the intricate relationships between home language use, oral language skills (phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and receptive vocabulary), and literacy skills (word reading and spelling) in English and Chinese among young bilinguals. The sample includes 249 first-grade and 263 third-grade bilingual students in…
Descriptors: Native Language, Language Usage, Grade 1, Grade 2
Alissa Patricia Wolters; Young-suk Grace Kim – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2024
We investigated spelling errors in English and Spanish essays by Spanish-English dual language learners in Grades 1, 2, and 3 (N = 278; 51% female) enrolled in either English immersion or English-Spanish dual immersion programs. We examined what types of spelling errors students made, whether they made spelling errors that could be due to…
Descriptors: Spelling, Spanish, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning
Krenca, Klaudia; Segers, Eliane; Chen, Xi; Shakory, Sharry; Steele, Jeffrey; Verhoeven, Ludo – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2020
The 1-year longitudinal study presented here examined the extent to which the ability to build phonologically specific lexical entries as a result of increasing vocabulary size predicts word reading via its impact on phonological awareness within and across languages in 62 emerging English (L1) and French (L2) Grade 1 children (M = 75.69 months,…
Descriptors: Bilingual Students, Grade 1, Phonological Awareness, Reading Ability
Zhang, Fan; Shen, Ye; Pasquarella, Adrian; Coker, David L., Jr. – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2022
This study examined the writing skills of first-grade students who are English Language Learners (ELLs) or Native English Speakers (NESs). We examined the roles of transcription and oral language skills on contextualized spelling, writing fluency, and writing quality outcomes for ELL and NES students. Thirty-four ELLs (Mean age (A) = 78.03 months,…
Descriptors: Young Children, Beginning Writing, Writing Skills, Second Language Learning
Sohail, Juwairia; Sorenson Duncan, Tamara; Koh, Poh Wee; Deacon, S. Hélène; Chen, Xi – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2022
This study evaluates the extent to which syntactic awareness contributes to reading comprehension in English-French bilinguals, considering both the potential for a direct relation, as well as an indirect one, through word reading. Participants were 146 first-grade students enrolled in early French immersion programs in Canada. While the children…
Descriptors: French, Syntax, Metalinguistics, Immersion Programs
Lam, Katie; Chen, Xi – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2018
The purpose of the current study was to explore longitudinally the bidirectional cross-language effects between morphological awareness and vocabulary development across English and French over one year. Participants included 81 Grade 1 students and 75 Grade 2 students. All were non-native speakers of French, and demonstrated average English word…
Descriptors: Morphology (Languages), French, Language Skills, Grade 1
Tong, Xiuhong; McBride, Catherine; Ho, Connie Suk-han; Waye, Mary Miu Yee; Chung, Kevin Kien Hoa; Wong, Simpson Wai Lap; Chow, Bonnie Wing Yin – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2018
In this study, we investigated the contribution of morphological awareness (MA) in one language to word reading and vocabulary in another language in Hong Kong Cantonese-English speaking children, who learn Chinese and English in school in parallel from the age of 3.5 years onwards. Our sample consisted of 97 Cantonese-English speaking children…
Descriptors: Morphology (Languages), Word Recognition, Vocabulary, Foreign Countries
Kim, Young-Suk Grace; Piper, Benjamin – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2019
The linguistic interdependence hypothesis (Cummins, 1979, 2000) states that children's second-language (L2) proficiency is, to some extent, a function of their first-language (L1) competence. Previous studies have examined this hypothesis with focus on a unidirectional relation from L1 to L2. In the present study, we examined…
Descriptors: Transfer of Training, Reading Skills, Longitudinal Studies, African Languages
Shenoy, Sunaina; Wagner, Richard K.; Rao, Nisha M. – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2020
This study explores the possibility of adapting specific progress-monitoring tools developed in the US for use in English-medium private schools in Bangalore. In the US, many teachers adopt progress-monitoring tools like the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) and Curriculum Based Measurement (easyCBM) to keep track of their…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, English (Second Language), Elementary School Students
Wise, Nancy; D'Angelo, Nadia; Chen, Xi – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2016
The current intervention study investigated the sustained effectiveness of phonological awareness training on the reading development of 16 children in French immersion who were identified as at-risk readers based on grade 1 English measures. The intervention program provided children from three cohorts with supplemental reading in small groups on…
Descriptors: Phonological Awareness, French, Immersion Programs, At Risk Students
Woolpert, Darin – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2016
Dual-language learner (DLL) children typically learn to write while still learning English, with vocabulary appearing to be a particularly vulnerable domain. This study investigates how a reduced English lexicon impacts English writing in DLL children. Participants were 100 Spanish-speaking DLLs and 100 of their monolingual classmates in first…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Bilingual Education
Ford, Karen L.; Cabell, Sonia Q.; Konold, Timothy R.; Invernizzi, Marcia; Gartland, Lauren B. – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2013
This study explored heterogeneity in literacy development among 2,300 Hispanic children receiving English as a Second Language (ESL) services at the start of kindergarten. Two research questions guided this work: (1) Do Spanish-speaking English language learners receiving ESL services in the fall of kindergarten demonstrate homogeneous early…
Descriptors: Profiles, Phonetics, Alphabets, Spelling
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