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Direct linkZhanxia Yang; Marina Bers – Computer Science Education, 2024
Background and Context: Historically, women have been underrepresented in computer science. To address this gender gap, researchers advocate for high-quality computer science programs for early childhood. Objectives: This study examines gender differences in coding performance before and after implementing a 24-lesson visual programming curriculum…
Descriptors: Gender Differences, Grade 1, Elementary School Students, Programming
Strawhacker, Amanda; Bers, Marina Umaschi – Educational Technology Research and Development, 2019
Computer programming for young children has grown in popularity among both educators and product developers, but still relatively little is known about what skills children are developing when they code. This study investigated N = 57 Kindergarten through second grade children's performance on a programming assessment after engaging in a 6-week…
Descriptors: Coding, Programming, Computer Science Education, Kindergarten
Grimm, Kevin J.; Ram, Nilam; Estabrook, Ryne – Multivariate Behavioral Research, 2010
Growth mixture models (GMMs; B. O. Muthen & Muthen, 2000; B. O. Muthen & Shedden, 1999) are a combination of latent curve models (LCMs) and finite mixture models to examine the existence of latent classes that follow distinct developmental patterns. GMMs are often fit with linear, latent basis, multiphase, or polynomial change models…
Descriptors: Models, Computer Software, Programming, Statistical Analysis
