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Frost, Jørgen; Ottem, Ernst; Snow, Catherine E.; Hagtvet, Bente E.; Lyster, Solveig Alma Helaas; White, Claire – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 2014
Two ways of measuring change are presented and compared: A conventional "change score", defined as the difference between scores before and after an interim period, and a process-oriented approach focusing on detailed analysis of conceptually defined response patterns. The validity of the two approaches was investigated. Vocabulary…
Descriptors: Vocabulary, Scores, Knowledge Level, Vocabulary Development
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Willner, Cynthia J.; Gatzke-Kopp, Lisa M.; Bierman, Karen L.; Greenberg, Mark T.; Segalowitz, Sidney J. – Developmental Psychology, 2015
Learning-related behaviors are important for school success. Socioeconomic disadvantage confers risk for less adaptive learning-related behaviors at school entry, yet substantial variability in school readiness exists within socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Investigation of neurophysiological systems associated with learning-related…
Descriptors: Attention, Learning Processes, Academic Achievement, Neurology