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Direct linkGenesis D. Arizmendi – Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 2025
Purpose: Functional language proficiency is presented as a conceptual framework that builds upon cultural--linguistic assets in bilingually developing children and bridges the theory of natural translation, translanguaging, and language brokering practices. A novel task was developed based on this framework for quantifying Spanish-English…
Descriptors: Language Proficiency, Hispanic American Students, Bilingual Students, Grade 1
