This article explores the role that gestures play in the development of mathematical understanding. Using Pirie Kieren's (1994) notion of image making and Lunney Borden's (2011) idea of verbing mathematics, we share two examples of how students respond to teacher requests to demonstrate what they know about arrays.

A multiple-probe-across-problem-sets (tasks) design was used to evaluate the effects of the Detect, Practice, and Repair (DPR) on multiplication-fact fluency development in seven third-grade students nominated by their teacher as needing remediation. DPR is a multicomponent intervention and begins with a group-administered, metronome-paced…

The authors investigated the performance on simple multiplication and division problems of 8-year-old children longitudinally to determine the developmental trajectories of both operations. Twice a year, during 2 consecutive school years, children performed a multiplication and division verification task and a number-matching task. All effects…