The aim of this study is to find out whether there is a connection between teacher's request and guidance for written explanation and third-graders' achievements in solving a non-standard problem. Pupils' task was to solve a simplified arithmagon and to explain their solution. The lessons of seven teachers were recorded and their actions were…

Beginning in third grade, Pennsylvania students are required to take the Pennsylvania State Standardized Assessment (PSSA), which presents multiple-choice mathematics questions and open-ended mathematics problems. Consistent with the Communication Standard of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, while solving the open-ended problems,…

Even the youngest readers and writers in today's classrooms can benefit enormously from engagement with a wide range of traditional and nontraditional texts. This teacher-friendly handbook is packed with creative strategies for introducing K-3 students to fiction, poetry, and plays; informational texts; graphic novels; digital storytelling;…