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Chen, Dandan; Hebert, Michael; Wilson, Joshua – American Educational Research Journal, 2022
We used multivariate generalizability theory to examine the reliability of hand-scoring and automated essay scoring (AES) and to identify how these scoring methods could be used in conjunction to optimize writing assessment. Students (n = 113) included subsamples of struggling writers and non-struggling writers in Grades 3-5 drawn from a larger…
Descriptors: Reliability, Scoring, Essays, Automation
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Swanson, H. Lee; Moran, Amber; Lussier, Cathy; Fung, Wenson – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2014
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of explicit, direct, and generative strategy training and working memory capacity (WMC) on mathematical word problem-solving accuracy in elementary schoolchildren. In this study, children in third grade ("N" = 82) identified as at risk for math difficulties (MD) were randomly…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Mathematics Instruction, Mathematics Achievement, Word Problems (Mathematics)