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Nisawa, Yoshiki – International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 2021
According to the Programme for International Student Assessment, functions constitute an important part of mathematical literacy. In Japan, students start learning about bivariate relationships in the fourth grade (at the age of 9). However, reports suggest that elementary school students and lower-level secondary school (junior high) students…
Descriptors: Concept Formation, Mathematical Concepts, Grade 4, Grade 5
Faux, Geoff; Brocklebank, Emma – Mathematics Teaching, 2012
This is an account of events in a real classroom when the notion that there is a distinction between calculation by counting, and calculation by structuring is a focus for learning. Pupils have "hands-on" experiences that support their understanding of "number". The teaching "aid" might be unfashionable in…
Descriptors: Computation, Mathematics Instruction, Foreign Countries, Experiential Learning