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Direct linkJudson, Eugene – International Journal of Science Education, 2011
This study examined the mental models of the desert environment held by fourth- and seventh-grade students in the USA and whether those mental models could be affected by: (1) classroom field trips to a desert riparian preserve, and (2) interaction with family members at the same preserve. Results generally indicated that students in this study…
Descriptors: Field Trips, Grade 4, Grade 7, Cognitive Structures
Download full textNellhaus, Jeffrey; Behuniak, Peter; Stancavage, Frances B. – American Institutes for Research, 2009
Most educational researchers have heard the adage, "If you want to measure change in performance, don't change the measure." At the same time, however, what students need to know and be able to do may change over time as research on teaching and learning provides new insights into the educational process, science and technology advance, and…
Descriptors: Educational Researchers, Evaluation Criteria, Educational Change, Test Validity
