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Matlen, Bryan J.; Richland, Lindsey E.; Klostermann, Ellen C.; Lyons, Emily – Grantee Submission, 2018
Mathematical problem solving typically involves manipulating visual symbols (e.g., equations), and prior research suggests that those symbols serve as diagrammatic representations (e.g., Landy & Goldstone, 2010). The present work examines the ways that instructional design of student engagement with these diagrammatic representations may…
Descriptors: Visual Aids, Mathematics Instruction, Instructional Effectiveness, Incidence
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Schweinle, Amy; Berg, Patti J.; Sorenson, Ashley R. – Educational Psychology, 2013
The present research sought to determine if primary school students differentiate between classes that are challenging and those that are difficult, and how these distinctions relate to their motivation and achievement. Results indicated that there are three types of challenges/difficulties. "Challenging" classes are those that are…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Preadolescents, Courses, Difficulty Level