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Powell, Sarah R.; Fluhler, Sally K. – Assessment for Effective Intervention, 2020
To understand mathematics, children must interpret mathematics symbols. In this study, we designed a brief assessment of mathematics symbols for children in the elementary grades. For each of 23 symbols, children identified the symbol, provided the meaning of the symbol, and used the symbol. We assessed 297 children in Grades 1, 3, and 5. Internal…
Descriptors: Symbols (Mathematics), Elementary School Mathematics, Mathematics Achievement, Grade 1
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Ladd, Gary W.; Dinella, Lisa M. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2009
Premises about the effects of early engagement on achievement were investigated with 383 children who were followed from ages 5.5 to 13.5. Change and continuity in behavioral (cooperative-resistant classroom participation) and emotional (school liking-avoidance) engagement were assessed during Grades 1-3 and were examined within variable- and…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Student Participation, Elementary School Students, Foreign Countries