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Nisawa, Yoshiki – International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 2021
According to the Programme for International Student Assessment, functions constitute an important part of mathematical literacy. In Japan, students start learning about bivariate relationships in the fourth grade (at the age of 9). However, reports suggest that elementary school students and lower-level secondary school (junior high) students…
Descriptors: Concept Formation, Mathematical Concepts, Grade 4, Grade 5