As assessments move towards computerized testing and making continuous testing available the need for rapid assembly of forms is increasing. The objective of this study was to investigate variability in assembled forms through the lens of first- and second-order equity properties of equating, by examining three factors and their interactions. Two…

We used multivariate generalizability theory to examine the reliability of hand-scoring and automated essay scoring (AES) and to identify how these scoring methods could be used in conjunction to optimize writing assessment. Students (n = 113) included subsamples of struggling writers and non-struggling writers in Grades 3-5 drawn from a larger…

Machines have a long-demonstrated ability to find statistical relationships between qualities of texts and surface-level linguistic indicators of writing. More recently, unlocked by artificial intelligence, the potential of using machines to identify content-related writing trait criteria has been uncovered. This development is significant,…