Accurate and rapid word recognition requires highly-specified phonological, orthographic, and semantic word-specific representations. It has been established that children acquire these representations through phonological decoding in a process known as orthographic learning. Studies examining orthographic learning and its predictors have thus far…

This study examined discussions centered on precise mathematical language use in two fifth grade classrooms. Drawing on episodes from lessons in which teachers focused on encouraging mathematics reasoning, our analysis examines the relationship between precise language use and mathematical justifying. We present three classroom episodes that…