This study aims to explore the long-term impacts of primary music education in a progressive school in Tokyo where cooperative learning, democratic decision making, and mutual sharing of interests and purposes by students form the pedagogical basis. Establishing a causal relationship between music learning and its impact in later life is a…

This study extends previous research on the long-term connections between motivation constructs in expectancy-value theory and achievement outcomes. Using growth mixture modelling, we examined trajectories of change for 421 students from 4th grade through college in their self-concept of ability (SCA) in math, interest in math, and perceived…