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Congning Ni; Bhashithe Abeysinghe; Juanita Hicks – International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2025
The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), often referred to as The Nation's Report Card, offers a window into the state of U.S. K-12 education system. Since 2017, NAEP has transitioned to digital assessments, opening new research opportunities that were previously impossible. Process data tracks students' interactions with the…
Descriptors: Reaction Time, Multiple Choice Tests, Behavior Change, National Competency Tests
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Ling, Guangming – International Journal of Testing, 2016
To investigate possible iPad related mode effect, we tested 403 8th graders in Indiana, Maryland, and New Jersey under three mode conditions through random assignment: a desktop computer, an iPad alone, and an iPad with an external keyboard. All students had used an iPad or computer for six months or longer. The 2-hour test included reading, math,…
Descriptors: Educational Testing, Computer Assisted Testing, Handheld Devices, Computers