STEM education has become an economic factor in the United States, developing countries and in other established economies such as Europe and Australia. There is, however, a lack of consensus on how STEM curricula are enacted across K-12 learning environments in general and with particular interest in the middle grades - the phase of schooling…

Though today's students are considered digital natives, they lack the digital literacy skills needed to be competent and productive members of a digital society. The problem is a lack of evidence about the effectiveness of using content knowledge instruction and application experiences to develop students' digital literacy skills. The purpose of…

High-quality measures of instructional practice are essential for research and evaluation of innovative instructional policies and programs. However, existing measures have generally proven inadequate because of cost and validity issues. This paper addresses two potential drawbacks of survey self-report measures: variation in teachers'…