Self-regulated learning not only helps improve students' current academic performance but also lays a foundation for lifelong learning. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 4003 Chinese high school sophomore students to gather data concerning self-regulated learning, parental educational support, resilience, and performance goals. This study aimed to verify the influence mechanism of parental educational support on high school students' self-regulated learning, as well as the mediating roles of resilience and performance goals within this mechanism. The results of the structural equation model showed that parental educational support had a positive impact on students' self-regulated learning. Resilience and performance goals not only played partial mediating roles between parental educational support and self-regulated learning respectively; but also exerted a chain mediating effect between parental educational support and self-regulated learning. These results, to a certain degree, expanded the theoretical research on the factors of high school students' self-regulated learning. Meanwhile, based on the findings of this study, a series of measures for enhancing students' self-regulated learning behaviors through home-school cooperation were proposed, which increased the practical value of this study.