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Direct linkLubke, Gitta H.; Muthen, Bengt O. – Structural Equation Modeling, 2004
Treating Likert rating scale data as continuous outcomes in confirmatory factor analysis violates the assumption of multivariate normality. Given certain requirements pertaining to the number of categories, skewness, size of the factor loadings, and so forth, it seems nevertheless possible to recover true parameter values if the data stem from a…
Descriptors: Likert Scales, Factor Analysis, Factor Structure, Multivariate Analysis
Hilton, Sterling C.; Schau, Candace; Olsen, Joseph A. – Structural Equation Modeling, 2004
In addition to student learning, positive student attitudes have become an important course outcome for many introductory statistics instructors. To adequately assess changes in mean attitudes across introductory statistics courses, the attitude instruments used should be invariant by administration time. Attitudes toward statistics from 4,910…
Descriptors: Student Attitudes, College Students, Higher Education, Factor Structure
Cheung, Mike W. L. – Structural Equation Modeling, 2004
Ipsative data (individual scores subject to a constant-sum constraint), suggested to minimize response bias, are sometimes observed in behavioral sciences. Chan and Bentler (1993, 1996) proposed a method to analyze ipsative data in a single-group case. Cheung and Chan (2002) extended the method to multiple-group analysis. However, these methods…
Descriptors: Behavioral Sciences, Data Analysis, Item Response Theory, Test Items
